Causes & Risk Factors of Macular Degeneration

Age as the Main Risk Factor

The name 'age-related' macular degeneration already points to the most important risk factor: age. With increasing age, the risk of developing AMD rises significantly. While the disease is rare in people under 50, about 10 to 15 percent of those aged 65 and over are affected. From the age of 75, this proportion increases to about 25 to 30 percent.

The reason for this connection lies in the natural aging processes of the retina. Over the course of life, metabolic products accumulate in and under the retina that can no longer be completely removed. These deposits, called drusen, are an early sign of AMD.

Genetic Predisposition

Research has made significant progress in understanding the genetic basis of AMD. Studies show that people whose close relatives (parents, siblings) have AMD have a significantly increased risk of developing the disease themselves. It is estimated that the risk is about three to six times higher with a family history.

Scientists have identified several gene variants associated with an increased risk of AMD. Variants in genes of the complement system are particularly significant. However, it is important to understand that the presence of these gene variants does not mean that one will inevitably develop AMD.

Smoking: The Most Important Avoidable Risk Factor

Among all modifiable risk factors, smoking is the most significant. Numerous scientific studies have consistently shown that smokers have a two to three times higher risk of developing AMD. For heavy smokers, the risk can be even higher.

The good news is that quitting smoking has been shown to reduce the risk. Studies show that after about 20 years of abstinence, former smokers have a similar risk to people who have never smoked. Quitting smoking is therefore the most important single measure you can take yourself.

Nutrition and Nutrients

Nutrition plays an important role in retinal health. Certain nutrients have proven to be particularly important. First and foremost are the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, which are found in high concentrations in the macula, where they act as a natural light filter and antioxidant.

Green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale, and broccoli are particularly rich in lutein and zeaxanthin. Corn, peas, and egg yolks also contain these valuable carotenoids. In addition to carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, which are mainly found in fatty sea fish, also play an important role.

Cardiovascular Health

The health of the cardiovascular system is closely linked to eye health. Conditions such as high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, and high cholesterol levels not only increase the risk of heart attack and stroke, but also of AMD.

Controlling cardiovascular risk factors is therefore not only important for the heart and vessels, but also for the eyes. Regular physical activity, a healthy diet, and, if necessary, medication can help reduce the risk of AMD. Learn more about current treatment options for dry macular degeneration und die innovative Photobiomodulation.